>>>различие траекторий при инженерном и академическом подходе
>> Научно-исследовательская деятельность (анализ, формализация, эксперименты, прототипы...)
>> - форма инженерной. Обычно предшествует фазе серийного производства в цикле производства.
> Ммм... я всё-таки о той разнице, когда одному важней красивая формула, а
> другому -- шоб пусть хоть со стопкой поправочных коэффициентов по всем
> углам, но работало. Примерно как семиуровневая модель и стопка RFC. Зря вы это написали.
http://history-computer.com/Internet/Maturing/TCPIP.html
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In 1972, Kahn was hired by Larry Roberts at the IPTO to work on networking technologies, and in October he gave a demonstration of an ARPANET network connecting 40 different computers at the International Computer Communication Conference, making the network widely known for the first time to people from around the world and communication engineers realizing that packet switching was a real technology.
At the IPTO, Kahn worked on an existing project to establish a satellite packet network, and initiated a project to establish a ground-based radio packet network. These experiences convinced him of the need for development of an open-architecture network model, where any network could communicate with any other independent of individual hardware and software configuration. Kahn therefore set four goals for the design of what would become the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP):
-Network connectivity. Any network could connect to another network through a gateway.
-Distribution. There would be no central network administration or control.
-Error recovery. Lost packets would be retransmitted.
-Black box design. No internal changes would have to be made to a network to connect it to other networks.
In the spring of 1973, Vinton Cerf joined Kahn on the project. They started by conducting research on reliable data communications across packet radio networks, factored in lessons learned from the Networking Control Protocol, and then created the next generation Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), the standard protocol used on the Internet today.
In the early versions of this technology, there was only one core protocol, which was named TCP. And in fact, these letters didn't even stand for what they do today Transmission Control Protocol, but they were for the Transmission Control Program. The first version of this predecessor of modern TCP was written in 1973, then revised and formally documented in RFC 675, Specification of Internet Transmission Control Program from December 1974.
What is the current status of Internet Protocol Suite (commonly known as TCP/IP)?
DARPA then contracted with BBN Technologies, Stanford University, and the University College London to develop operational versions of the protocol on different hardware platforms. Four versions were developed: TCP v1, TCP v2, a split into TCP v3 and IP v3 in the spring of 1978, and then stability with TCP/IP v4—the standard protocol still in use on the Internet today.
In 1975, a two-network TCP/IP communications test was performed between Stanford and University College London (UCL). In November, 1977, a three-network TCP/IP test was conducted between sites in the US, UK, and Norway. Several other TCP/IP prototypes were developed at multiple research centers between 1978 and 1983. The migration of the ARPANET to TCP/IP was officially completed on January 1, 1983, when the new protocols were permanently activated.
In March 1982, the US Department of Defense declared TCP/IP as the standard for all military computer networking.
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Стек TCP/IP - университетская разработка. Как и NCP, его предшественник. Первые, и последующие перед массовым серийным внедрением, прототипы сетей запускались на базе университских лабораторий и исследований.
Собственно, изделие и связь, с помощью которых вы сейчас смотрите это сообщение - результат длительных научных исследований и массы опытно-конструкторских работ.
Предполагаю, что у вас, как и у многих в РФ, сформировалось неверное (профанированное) представление о роли и значимости НИОКР в социо-экономике. Это следствие деградации культуры в РФ, надеюсь, временное.
